Buddhist Nuns’ Pursuit of Gender Justice: From Sacred Texts to Monastic Life in Himachal

Abstract

Buddhist scriptures have historically reflected a gender bias, with even the Buddha’s stance appearing ambivalent. While canonical texts often impose restrictions on women, there is ample evidence that the Buddha recognized their spiritual potential. However, the marginalization of such narratives has contributed to the perception of nuns as inferior within the monastic hierarchy. Defying the canonical position, the fieldwork in Himachal revealed that this dynamic is undergoing a significant transformation in the region. Nunneries are witnessing an unprecedented rise in numbers, reflecting a growing quest for gender justice within the Dhamma. This shift is supported by evolving societal attitudes, with monks increasingly leaving monastic life for worldly pursuits. Prominent monastic leaders of the region have asserted that the future of Buddhism may rest in the hands of women. Unlike past traditions where householder nuns were the norm, contemporary Buddhist women in Himachal are pursuing rigorous monastic education, challenging traditional gender hierarchies. The paper argues that gender equality gains legitimacy when it is perceived as beneficial to the Dhamma, illustrating a unique intersection of social change and religious reform.