The varying influences of left-right ideology on Theyyam worship and its Dalit practitioners in Kerala, South India

Abstract

Previous studies discuss that local indigenous and tribal beliefs have been Sanskritized
and integrated into the great tradition of Hinduism in various parts of India. In the
northern part of Kerala, Hindu rituals to worship local deities (Theyyam) are practiced at
caste temples and local shrines and it has been carried on by Dalit practitioners as their
traditional occupation over the years. They chant mantras in front of the shrine to make
the divine spirit descend on their bodies and become one with the deity, and then give
blessings and oracles to local people. Since the 20th century, leftist ideology has
permeated not only intellectuals but also a wide range of social strata in Kerala. Indeed,
Dalit practitioners, who have been long enough socially and economically oppressed, are
predominantly Communist Party sympathizers. In addition, since some Theyyam myths
include stories critical of caste hierarchy, Theyyam has been diverted by the leftists as a
side with the weak, appearing at Communist Party-affiliated events and frequently used
on billboards promoting rallies. However, for the last decade, the BJP has begun to expand
its influence in Kerala, and Theyyam has come to be discussed and represented in the
context of Hindutwa and even influenced young practitionerʼs minds. This paper will
examine the changing caste consciousness and values of the ritual between generations
of Dalit practitioners and discuss the influence of left-right ideology on the Theyyam
ritual.